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1. 定语的定义
定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。
如：1) the man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) you must do everything that i do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why
关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句;2、代替先行词;3、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
2. 定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择
1. 明确关系代词，关系副词在定语从句中的不同作用
关系代词which , that , who在定语从句中作主语或在及物动词或介词后作宾语
关系副词when , where, why在定语从句中作状语，即定语从句中不缺主语、宾语，只缺时间、地点或原因状语
2. 分析句子结构，明确句法成分
关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语，关键取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果定语从句中谓语动词是及物动词，应观察其后有无宾语。如果没宾语，则应考虑使用能充当宾语的关系代词which或that。如果句子中有宾语，就考虑关系副词when或where等。
3.定语从句的三种功能
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起定语的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主语的全部内容。通常在被修饰的词语(即先行词)之后，由“关系词”引导。定语从句的三种功能：
1.连接功能：连接从句，引导一个定语从句
2.指代功能：指代先行词
3.语法功能：在定语从句中充当句子成分
4. 关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
all the people that are Psent burst into tears.
(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
this is the first composition that he has written in english.
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
there are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
he succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) 如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
the boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
is there anyone here who will go with you?
英语定语从句知识点总结笔记
"介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) "介词+关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。"介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where为"介词+关系副词"结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
we stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
this is the boy whom she has taken care of.
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换).
例如：please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等.
例如：a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作宾语)
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)the tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
we depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
a friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
one who doesn‘t work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在there be句型中there is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you german.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
the student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
there is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
all that is needed is a supply of oil.
finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。
he is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
the first english book that i read was "the prince and the pauper" by mark twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
he talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
he is not the man that he used to be.
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.
例如：
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born.
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
i‘m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
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