2021年职称英语备考练习题精选试题卫生类
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Screen Test
1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey 调查published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial有争议的, partly because the radiation辐射 brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue组织 is denser.
3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board NRPB predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.
7. “There is a trade-off平衡 between the diagnostic诊断的，判断的 benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current 目前的data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”
每年上百万的女性都做X射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就可 以被成功地治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，21个国家有透视计划。其中9个国家，包括澳大利 亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为50岁以下女性进行透视。
但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发 癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。
Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了 11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女性的结果。估 测了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算由此导致额外癌症数量。
英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预言，透视计划会导致每10万个女性中有36人患 上癌症，18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的'模型得出了一个较低的数字^20人 患上癌症。
研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他 们说，Valencia计划在每10万接受透视的妇女中发现300到450个乳腺癌病例。
但是他们指出如果X射线检查从50岁而不是45岁时开始，会使妇女由于辐射而患癌的危险 减少40%到80% ,因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说，他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌 透视的技术更加完善。
英国国家辐射保护委员会的Michael Clark承认“在胸透的诊断益处和危险之间有一个平衡”。 但是他警告说应该谨慎地解释此项研究。“基于目前的数据，每成功地发现10例癌症就有可能导 致今后出现一例癌症。这就是为什么在所有的透视计划中，辐射应该减少到最小的原因。”